Pros and Cons of Police Gratuities Free Essay Example, 750 words

ï » ¿Pros and Cons of Police Gratuities A police gratuity is the money or â€Å"tip† that police officers accept in exchange for their services. Police officers usually accept goods or money in return for engaging in activities, which they are mandated to perform under the terms of their employment. It is necessary to note that police gratuities do not involve acts that are criminal like theft and burglary, and deviant acts performed within the law enforcement environment (Barker 43). The debate of police officers acceptance of gratuities has been a subject of discussion over a long period. Many researchers on police corruption view the acceptance of even the smallest benefit or gift as the onset of the end of honest officer’s careers (Barker 43). In contrary, some writers believe that the acceptance of gratuities can bring positive benefits in practice, and cause little harm, not only to the police officers themselves, but for the society as a whole (Barker 47). This paper describes the practice of accepting gratuities with the aim of identifying some specific situations where the acceptance will always cause problems, and situations where officers should say â€Å"NO! † when offered gratuities. We will write a custom essay sample on Pros and Cons of Police Gratuities or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now According to Richard Kania, there are some particular situations where police officers should be encouraged to accept gratuities. He supports his opinion on the fact that individuals who offer police officers gratuities do so as rewards, but not with the intension of corrupting the police force (Barker 47). He also gives an example of a cook who offered him a free meal in exchange of frequent visits he made to his (cook) establishment. Police officers are routinely obligated to provide such services to the community, and they should not be rewarded at all for providing such services, however; the cook felt a sense of indebtedness to Kania for security services he offered, and the cook’s response was a personal one: a free meal (Barker 51). The problem he noted is that some of his colleagues when offered such gratuities will make it a routine to collect them on a daily basis. This turns out to be the beginning of corrupting the police system. Therefore, police gratuities that are offered with the aim of rewarding the officers for hard work should be accepted, while those offered with the aim of corrupting the police system should not be accepted. Accepting gratuities is also a way of integrating fresh police officers into the police force system. John Kleinig notes that the issue of police corruption is highly emphasized during police training, therefore, officers who accept gratuities may feel that they are already corrupted, and there is no reason why they must not accept gratuities from the public (Barker 56). Although both the police force and the public believe that gratuities are not actually bribe, it should be noted that there is a thin difference between gratuities and bribe. The acceptance of gratuities is the beginning of the slippery slope to corruption. Feldberge suggests that small vices have small effects. Police officers should, therefore, not be offered gratuities such as discounted meals and free coffee as this will mark the beginning of corrupting the police force (Barker 63). He also suggests that police officers should be democratic as possible when scheduling their time, both on and off duty, as this will make them meet different people, and take meals in different places. Accepting gratuities also damages the image of police officers before the public. A research conducted by Prenzler and Mackay indicated that in the public eye, the acceptance of gratuities is the onset of the slippery slope, and police officers should accept â€Å"No gratuities† (Barker 61). In conclusion, the public needs to support police officers if they are to conduct their duties more efficiently. However, the public’s perception of police gratuities as corrupt, whether true or false, will have a deleterious effect on the police conduct and performance. Therefore, in order to save the image of the police force before the public, police should avoid the acceptance of gratuities. Works Cited Barker T. Police Ethics: Crisis in Law Enforcement. Florida: Charles C Thomas Publisher, 2006. Print

International Trade; Kenya and China - 1944 Words

THE REASONS WHY COUNTRIES TRADE: THE BENEFITS AND DISADVANTAGES TRADE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN KENYA AND CHINA: REASONS WHY THE TWO COUNTRIES TRADE Table of content 1.0 International trade 1.1 Reasons why countries trade 1.2 Benefits of trade 1.3 Disadvantages of trade 2.0 Trade relations between Kenya and China 2.1 Volume of trade between kenya and 2.2Reasons for the Trade relations between Kenya and China 3.0 References 1.0 International Trade International trade is exchange of capital, goods, and services across international borders or territories. In most countries, it represents a significant share of gross domestic product (GDP).Industrialization, advanced transportation, globalization, multinational corporations, and outsourcing are†¦show more content†¦Export of goods and services is used as a means to finance imports of those products a country can’t produce within its boarders. II. Exports represent an injection of demand into the circular flow of income III. There is an improvement in economic welfare if countries specialize in the products in which they have a comparative advantage and then trade with other nations IV. Trade allows firms to exploit scale economies by operating in larger markets. Economies of scale lead to lower average costs of production that might be passed onto consumers V. International competition stimulates higher efficiency - particularly for domestic monopolies. VI. Free trade provides greater choice for consumers and competition helps keep prices down. VII. Imports can help to satisfy excess demand from consumers - acting as a safety valve for the economy. A trade deficit during an economic boom helps to reduce demand-pull inflation VIII. Trade in ideas stimulates product and process innovations that generates better products 1.3 Disadvantages of international trade Some disadvantages of trade are; I. Dependence may occur of one country on another. II. Smaller and local countries do not get to enjoy the international trade. III. International trade does not reduce the standard of living; it increases it, for all countries involved. IV. Firms that are not familiar with the tradeShow MoreRelatedInternational Trade Practices : Discuss The Relevance And Application Of The Mercantilist Trade Doctrine Essay1357 Words   |  6 Pagesexamples in Kenya’s international trade practices exhaustively discuss the relevance and application of the mercantilist trade doctrine. Introduction Kenya’s main exports are horticulture and tea (agricultural products are central).other export items include textile coffee, tobacco, cement and many others. Kenya imports mostly machinery and transportation equipment, petroleum products, motor vehicles, iron steel and plastics. 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Constitution vs. Articles of Confederation Free Essays

M. S. 226 Syed Faridi 701 3/16/13 Constitution Vs. We will write a custom essay sample on Constitution vs. Articles of Confederation or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Articles of Confederation were the first governing policy for the United States of America and were in place from 1781-1789. However it is governing power was extremely limited. There were many differences between the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution. At the end of the American Revolution the free states needed some sort of control that would generate to a unified country. Issues arose such as: How should power be divided between local and national governments? How should laws be made, and by whom? Who should be authorized to govern those laws? How could the government be designed to protect the unalienable individual rights? Their first attempt at solving this issue was the Articles of Confederation, which was a failure for the most part, but not completely. After the failure of the articles, the state delegates tried to revise the articles, but instead, constructed the Constitution. There were so many changes made and very little remained the same. The states attempted to limit the power of the national government because they feared that it would become a monarchy. In an effort to limit the power of the national government, Congress created one without enough power to govern effectively, which led to serious national and international problems. One of the main weaknesses under the Articles of Confederation was its incapability to regulate trade and levy taxes. The states controlled all of their â€Å"cash flows. † Sometimes, the states were in debt because of tariff wars that they would engage in with one another. Because of these debts, the states refused to give the national government the money it needed. Hence, the government could not pay off the debts it had gained during the revolution, including paying soldiers who had fought in the war and citizens who had provided supplies to the cause. Congress could not pass needed measures because they lacked the nine-state majority required to become laws and couldn’t amend articles because unanimous consent of the all states was required. The states largely ignored Congress, which was powerless to enforce cooperation, and it was therefore unable to carry out its duties. The national government could not force the states to adhere to the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1783 ending the American Revolution. Foreign countries saw lack of unity in states. Because of the lack of income the national government collected, the new nation was unable to defend its borders from British and Spanish abuse because it could not pay for an army when the states would not contribute the necessary funds. The country would not get rich as a whole because states controlled all interstate commerce. States coined their own money and regulated its supply, so values of currency varied from state to state. In conclusion, In 1781 American colonists took hold to the Articles of Confederation, their first outline of democracy. The Articles set up a good base for government, but it was soon realized that it needed a lot of work. In Philadelphia a group of the most well educated and experienced men of America met to revise the Articles of Confederation. The result of this meeting was not a revised Articles of Confederation, but a new document that outlined the government we have today. This was the Constitution. How to cite Constitution vs. Articles of Confederation, Papers

Role of Marketers in Sustainable Development-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Role of Marketers in Sustainable Development of Target Markets. Answer: Role of Marketers in Sustainable Development of Target Markets Marketing is defined as the process of advertising or promoting a corporations product to its target audience; due to fierce competition between organisations, firms use marketing as a tool to increase their sales. According to Jobber and Ellis-Chadwick (2012), marketing procedure also includes market research which provides necessary information to corporations that can be utilised in the process of product or service development. Due to globalisation, the competition between corporations has increased which require them to conduct marketing research in order to learn about the requirements of customers that assist in creating new products and services. A corporation can achieve various benefits by using an effective marketing strategy such as increasing visibility, global brand recognition, strong relationship with customers, consumer loyalty and many others. A person who is responsible for performing the activities of recognising goods and facilities desired by a specific group of customers, and who advertise such good on behalf of a company is known as a marketer. This essay will focus on understanding the duties of marketers and analysing whether marketers play a critical role in the sustainable consumption of their target market. Further, the essay will provide recommendations that can be implemented by modern marketers which assist them direct their target market towards sustainable consumption. The number of corporations which use marketing strategy to increase their sales is continuously increasing; the popularity of social media sites and smartphones has provided a new marketing platform for companies. Multinational organisations have the ability to promote their products to a global audience through social media strategy; online marketing is a two-way approach in which customers have the ability to interact with a corporation and provide their feedback on its marketing campaign. Frank-Martin and Peattie (2009) provided that the companies have to ensure that they fulfill their ethical duties or else they can lose their brand reputation because customers have the ability to give their opinion through social media sites; this transformation has also increased the requirement of ethical marketing. For example, recently Pepsi posted an advertisement on social media sites which depicted that people can use Pepsi to solve serious social issues such as police violence. The socia l media users outraged after seeing the advertisement and started posting negative comments against the company. The incident quickly collected media attention, and Pepsi had to remove their advertisement. This incident proves that the role of marketers has increased in modern corporations; the marketers have to ensure that they fulfill their ethical duties while marketing their products or services. Plaisance (2013) mentioned that marketers have the duty to direct their target market towards sustainable consumption which contributes to the development of society and protect the environmental resources. The concept of sustainable consumption is closely related to sustainable development; it is based on global issues relating to environmental pollution, climate change and famines. Sustainable consumption focuses on effective utilisation of resources, use of renewable resources, fuller product life cycle and intergenerational equity. Many experts believe that markets have the duty to direct their target market through their marketing campaigns towards sustainable consumption. Modern marketers perform various activities relating to marketing such as defining and managing the brand, conducting campaigns, producing marketing and promotional material, creating content, producing internal communications, monitoring and managing social media, conduct market research, and many others. Mai nly, the duties of marketers are divided into four key areas which include investigator, innovator, integrator, and implementer. Marketers can effectively perform their duties by directing their target markets which assist them in achieving sustainable consumption. Effective marketing can have a significant impact on the sales of a product since marketers use various tools in their campaign to influence the purchasing decision of customers. Marketers use various factors to influence the behaviour of consumers such as cultural, social, gender, and religious. Experts believed that marketer can achieve sustainable consumption by directing their target markets towards it because they have the ability to influence customers behaviour, but, modern marketers are not doing enough to achieve the same. Marketing is a great tool which comprises ideas, values, principles, practices, and mindsets that has the ability to influence and direct the decision of customers. According to the study of Indumathi and Dawood (2016), marketing can be used as a tool to influence the buying decision of customers that can satisfy the demand of both customers and corporations. Modern marketers avoid using marketing strategies to influence the behaviour of their targeted audience in order to promote sustainable consumption. Many marketers of large corporations have started using their platform to direct their audience towards sustainable development. For example, IKEA started it first sustainability-focused campaign called Wonderful Everyday which focuses on advertising energy-saving LEDs that people can use by as an alternative to incandescent light bulbs. Another good example is Levi Strauss Co.; the company eliminated waste from its supply change by reducing consumption of water and interweaving recycled plastic and glass into the denim fabric. The corporation also collaborates with Tide detergent to educate their customers about environmental benefits and cost saving by using cold water to wash. Similarly, Marks Spencer started using new packaging technology that keeps quickly perishable food products like berries fresh for long periods. The company collaborated with charity WRAP to educate their customers about reducing waste by making new recipes from food leftovers. The firm also reduces the cost of its food products near their expiry date to attract customers which reduces waste. These corporations direct their customers through marketing to educate them about environmental protection and reduction of waste which assist in sustainable consumption. Cherian and Jacob (2012) provided that the perspective of customers, especially in developed countries, has changed; the customers appreciate products or services which are environment-friendly and did not cause pollution while manufacturing. The customers prefer to pay a high price for goods and services which are ethically product by a company rather than purchasing cheap products which pollute the environment. For example, Starbucks gives it drinks in recyclable mugs, it support and provide facilities to coffee farmers, and they buy their coffee from ethical sources. The company market their products as ethical and environmentally friendly, therefore, customers pay a high price for the products. The demand for organic food and environment-friendly products are continuously increasing; people pay attention to environmental and social credentials of products, especially the millennial generation. Many firms are using their marketing platform to direct its customers towards sustainab le consumption, but marketers are not doing enough because they believe that it will reduce their sales. The research conducted by National Geographic provided that more than 61 percent of the global customers have provided that they are very concerned about the environment, but the rate of sustainable purchasing decisions has decreased in primary markets such as China, US, Germany, and Japan. The study provided that people want environmentally friendly products, but the statistics show that most people rather buy cheap products which pollute the environment. Therefore, marketers are avoiding directing their customers towards sustainable consumption because it might reduce their sales (Prothero et al., 2011). Also, brand leadership will be affected by sustainable consumption because parent corporations have spent decades encouraging customers to purchase their products in excess. But, modern markets should not avoid sustainable consumption in the era of social media and macro targeted marketing, the corporations have the ability to target their products to a specific target through whic h they can increase their profits. Instead of avoiding the policies of sustainable consumption, marketers should incorporate them into their marketing campaign to direct and encourage their target customers towards sustainable consumption. The marketers can implement various policies into their marketing strategy to change their customers behaviour and direct them towards sustainable consumption. For example, the marketers should establish eco-smart behaviour patterns into their marketing strategy which promote customers towards sustainable consumption and healthy lifestyle. The strategy includes various methods of nudging customers to provide them easier and better alternatives from an environmental perspective. Modern marketers can use social media campaign to gain the attention of people towards sustainable consumption; they can create a viral challenge or advertisement that gained the attention of online users and people will implement it into their lifestyle. Showing celebrities and ideal people in advertisements using environment-friendly products can also assist in changing consumers buying patterns. Conclusively, in recent years, the role of environment-friendly products and services has increased, and corporations which offer these services such as Apple and Starbucks have gained a competitive advantage over its competitors. It is marketers responsibilities that they encourage people to use environment-friendly products and reduce waste in order to preserve the environmental resources. The marketers should perform their duties by directing the public towards sustainable consumption which also assists the corporations in sustaining their future development References Cherian, J. and Jacob, J., 2012. Green marketing: A study of consumers attitude towards environment friendly products.[PDF] Asan social science,8(12), p.117. Available at: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/5756/81a7fd4301313aa5686c0ab645425558e980.pdf [Accessed on 16/12/2017] Frank-Martin, B. and Peattie, K.J., 2009.Sustainability marketing: A global perspective. Wiley. Indumathi, N. and Dawood, D., 2016. Impact of Marketing mix on consumer buying behavior in Organic Product.International Journal of Research in Finance and Marketing,6(10), pp.43-54. Jobber, D. and Ellis-Chadwick, F., 2012.Principles and practice of marketing(No. 7th). McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Plaisance, P.L., 2013.Media ethics: Key principles for responsible practice. Sage Publications. Prothero, A., Dobscha, S., Freund, J., Kilbourne, W.E., Luchs, M.G., Ozanne, L.K. and Thgersen, J., 2011. Sustainable consumption: Opportunities for consumer research and public policy.Journal of Public Policy Marketing,30(1), pp.31-38.